9.Users and Groups

Changing the permission of a file

NepaLinux 2.0(KDE) users Manuals

The Panel

Applets

The Desktop

The File Manager:

Folders:

Bookmarks

History

Home Folder

Root Folder

Network

The Trash

References: KDE online Manual

3.Using common Mass storage

Printer Setup:

Network Printer:

Mass Storage Device:

USB Mass storage deviceAnother popular portable storage medium is the USB mass storage device. (Flash Drives)

As soon as you enter your USB disk this pop up menu appear. You can click Open in New Window and browse you USB disk.
To safely remove your USB disk, click
System ......>Storage Media ......> right click USB drive icon and click safely remove.

As of USB Disk , when you enter CD-ROM, or DVD-ROM it will be automatically detected and pop up menu appear in your Desktop. Similarly you can access the Floppy Drive from the System......> Storge Media ......> Floppy Disk.

K3b is a CD and DVD burning application which provides a comfortable user interface to perform most CD/DVD burning tasks like creating an Audio CD from a set of audio files , copying a CD or DVD, Making data CD or DVD and writing ISO.


To use this k3b, start the K3b program from the Main Menu.

Main Menu ......> Multimedia ......> K3b

4. The KDE Control Center
It is a place where you can change any settings that affect the whole of your KDE environment. You can open it from the using the Control Center item in the K menu.

The settings are divided into several major categories, which each contain several pages of settings. To display a settings page, expand the major category by clicking on the + button next to it, and then click on the name of the page you want. The settings page then appears on the right, and you can change settings to your heart's content. No changes take effect until you click on the Apply button. If you decide, after making some changes, that you want to leave the settings as they were, just click on Reset.

Here you will find settings that change the way your KDE desktop and applications look. In this section you can change background, colors,fonts,Icons,style,themes etc.

This is where you will find settings to configure the appearance and behavior of your KDE desktop.
Here you can change behavior, multiple desktop setting, panels,taskbar etc.

Here you can set the setting for Internet and Network, such as IP assignment, File sharing etc. The detail in this setting will be covered in the “Networking with KDE “section.

In this section you can modify advance KDE options such as file associations and default applications.
For example in the file composer section you can define what Email Client, Embedded Text Editor, Instant Messenger, Terminal Emulator and Web Browser to use.

you can change setting related to peripherals such as keyboard, mouse , display printers etc. for example you can change the display setting through this section in the control center.

This section has a single module, Laptop Battery. Here you can configure the appearance and behavior of the Klaptopdaemon battery monitor. You can select battery icons to represent different power states, and set up notification of certain events. In the case that your battery runs down to a critical level, you can configure the daemon to suspend or shutdown your laptop, to save you from losing data.

This section is where you can configure options to do with region and locale. You can switch your login environment to another language from this section for example Nepali to English and vice versa.
To change the login environment to English click add language tab and select English, then move it up to make it default. Your setting will take place next time you login.

In this section you can also configure keyboard layout. The detail about the keyboard layout is explained under the section “Font Installation and Keyboard Layout”

This section is where you can configure options related to security and privacy such as the use of cryptography, setting your identity and managing caches.

As the name implies this contains the section to configure administrative tasks such as installing fonts, login manager, and Date and Time.

Konqueror is not just a web browser but is also an advanced File Manager and Universal viewing application.

Konqueror is an advanced file manger for the K Desktop Environment, providing the file management functions ranging from simple cut/copy paste operations to advanced local and remote network file browsing. File and folder properties can easily be examined and changed and application lunched with a simple click of the left mouse button.

Konqueror is an excellent web browser with built in support for JavaScript , CSS, bidirectional scripts. Konqueror is also an excellent full featured FTP client.

Note: Konqueror by default does not support the gmail standard view. To support the standard view, follow the following steps

Konqueror ......> Settings ......> Configure Konqueror ......> Browser Identification
Click on New... and add mail.google.com and select identification Firefox 1.0.7

Konqueror is also a universal viewing application, capable of displaying images and documents without having to launch another application.

KDE also includes seaMonkey web Browser. KDE Menu ......> Internet ......> SeaMonkey Web Browser.

KMail is a mail client. With Kmail you can browse your mail online or you can download your mail and read it offline. Follow the steps below to setup Kmail.

1. Open KDE Menu ......> Internet ......>Mail Client (KMail)
2. Select POP3 or IMAP in the Account Type
3. Provide your full name email id and organization Name

4. provide your full email address in the login name field and provide password.
5. Provide POP3 server name. It is the name of the server where your mails will be collected
6. Provide SMTP server name. It is the name of the server through which your mail will be sent out. Get this name from your ISP.

7. And click on finish

Kopete is an instant messenger supporting AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo, Jabber, IRC, Gadu-Gadu, Novell GroupWise Messenger, and more.

1.run Kopete from
KDE Menu ......> Instant Messanger (Kopete)

2. now select the proper protocol for instant messaging depending upon your mail ID .for example if your mail ID is of yahoo, select the yahoo protocol.

3. Provide the valid user ID and password.
4. Now click Next. Then after you are connected you are presented with your friends list.

KDE has its own IRC clinet called Ksirc.
1. Run it from KDE Menu ......> Internet ......> IRC Client (IRC)


2. To connect to the required channel click connect ......> New server
3. Then select the proper Groups of the channel, Freenode is the best channel for free and open source software and other Linux related support. NepaLinux also has its IRC channel in the freenode.


Now to join the channel type /join #<channel -name > for example to join the Nepalinux IRC channel, /join #nepalinux.

To configure your modem for Internet access, start the “Internet Configuration Wizard” tool from the Main Menu:

Kde Main menu ......> Internet ......> Internel Dial-Up Tool (KPPP):

6. Customizing the Appearance of your KDE

The appearance of KDE can be customized in different ways. It can either be done by changing the theme or by changing the different components like desktop background, icons, etc.

The desktop background, which is also known as wallpaper, can be changed either by going to the Control Center or by right-clicking on the desktop.

First Method:
Go to K menu and click on the Control Center
On the 'Appearance and Themes', choose Background


Second Method:
Right-click on the desktop background
Choose 'Configure Desktop'


Both the methods will take you to the same point from where you can change the desktop background.

Fig. Changing the background image

To change the desktop background,
Click on the radio button marked 'Picture'
Choose from the drop-down list
If you want to choose any other image of your choice apart from the ones shown in the list, click the 'Open dialog file' button on the side of the drop-down list
After choosing an image, click 'Apply' and 'OK'

The fonts used to display on different places like Toolbar, Menu, Window title, Taskbar, Desktop, etc. can be changed as per user's choice.

Fig. Changing the display fonts

To change the fonts,

Go to K menu and click on the Control Center
On the 'Appearance and Themes', choose 'Fonts'
Click 'Choose' to choose from the list of fonts and then select their style and size
After choosing a font, click 'OK' and then 'Apply'

Screen saver is the animated screen that is displayed after certain period of time when the user remains idle.

Fig. Changing the Screen Saver

To change the screen saver,
Go to K menu and click on the Control Center
On the 'Appearance and Themes', choose 'Screen Saver'
Choose from the list of screen savers
After choosing the screen saver, click 'Apply'

Splash screen is the animated screen that is displayed after a user successfully logs in to the system using any of the graphical user environments (GUI). What is to be kept in mind is that each user can have a different splash screen as per the user's choice. So whenever a user changes the splash screen, if takes effect only for that particular user and does not affect the settings of the others.

Fig. The default KDE splash screen being displayed

To change the splash screen,
Go to K menu and click on the Control Center
On the 'Appearance and Themes', choose 'Splash Screen'
Choose the splash screen of your choice from the list; you can even test the splash screen
After choosing a splash screen, click 'Apply'

Changing the theme of KDE affects many aspects of one's desktop. For example, background, color, style, icons, fonts, screen saver, etc. A theme can either be chosen from the list of available themes or a new theme can be installed from outside. The other option is to customize different components of the appearance and create a new theme of one's own choice.

Fig. Changing the KDE theme

To change the KDE theme,
Go to K menu and click on the Control Center
On the 'Appearance and Themes', choose 'Theme Manager'
Choose the theme of your choice from the list
After choosing a theme, click 'Apply'

Similarly, to install a new theme from outside, click on 'Install New Theme' and choose the theme file. The other option, as we mentioned above, is to customize different components like background, colors, etc. After customizing different components, click on 'Create a New Theme', enter the required information and click 'OK. Your newly created theme will be added to the list of available themes, from where you can choose your theme.

References
[1] http://docs.kde.org/development/en/kdebase/userguide/index.html∞

7. publishing with KDE

Text Editor in KDE

KEdit, KWrite, Kate are some of the text editors available in KDE. Although a full-fledged word processor like OpenOffice.org Writer is available, users can use simple text editors like the ones mentioned above for simple text editing. In this section, we shall look at using one of the text editors in KDE Desktop – KWrite.

Note: A text file simply refers to a file which contains pure text printing characters only.

To start KWrite,
Go to K menu
Click Utilities ......> Editors ......> KWrite

Fig. Kwrite text editor in KDE

The users can simply type in the KWrite window after the KWrite has started. Both the mouse and keyboard can be used to move around in the KWrite window. The text can be deleted one character at a time by using the DELETE /BACKSPACE key or by selecting the text to be deleted and then pressing the DELETE key to delete a block of text.

To copy, cut and paste the text, select a block of text. Then click on the Edit option on the top menu bar and select as required. Like,

Edit ......> Cut
Edit ......> Copy
Edit ......> Paste

Similarly, the Undo button on the Edit option can be used to undo the latest changes.

To save the text typed, click on the Save As button on the File option on the main menu as,

File ......> Save As...

Go to the folder where you want to save the file and then give the name of the file.

In order to find a text string in the file, the Find button can be used on the Edit menu. Similarly, the Replace button can be used to find a text string and replace it with another one.

An already saved file on the system can be opened by clicking on the Open button on the File on the main menu as,

File ......> Open

and by selecting the file to open.

To change the preferences like fonts, colors, etc., go to:

Settings ......> Configure Editor

For more information on how to use KWrite can be obtained by selecting Help from the menu at the top.

References
[1] http://www.iosn.net/training/end-user-manual/linux-userguide-kde.odt∞

Nepali OpenOffice.org (OOo) is a complete office suite in Nepali, featuring a word processor (Writer), a spreadsheet application (Calc), and presentation software (Impress). Besides these fundamental office applications, OOo also includes a vector drawing tool (Draw), database access program, publication of documents in the Portable Document Format (PDF) and presentations in the Flash (SWF) format! The OOo package is fully inter-operable with the Microsoft Office suite.

As a first step for information, it is important to know how the Help system works. To get help:

Help......> Contents

Pay attention to the Options (where you can get help for the individual components in OpenOffice.org).

Setting up OpenOffice.org preferences makes it work the way you want it . The entire controls for this are available at:

Tools ......> Options
For opening the document whatever you saved in the openOffice.org using the MicroSoft Office package, always save it in the respective format of the Microsoft package. For eg. For word file .doc format , for excel .xls and for powerpoint .ppt.

This is a powerful tool for creating professional documents, reports, newsletters and so on – it is a word processor that allows easy integration of charts and pictures, as well as other OpenOffice.org-compatible documents. It can create anything from a simple letter to books, with professional layouts, making use of styles.

Start it from the Main Menu by,

Applications......>Office ......>OpenOffice.org Writer

Functions of the word processor can be controlled via the toolbars located at the top of the screen. On the first row, file actions like opening and saving can be performed, while on the second row, changing the font, size, and style (bold, underline, or italics) are located.

They can also be controlled by the menus that are common through packages:

* File ......> New ......> Text Document - Creates a new empty, untitled document for you to work on.

* File ......> Open - Opens the file.

* File ......> Close - Closes the document you are working on. If changes have been made since your last save, you will be prompted to save or discard those changes.

* File ......> Save - Saves the document you are currently working on.

* File ......>Save As... Saves an updated version of a document in a different location, with a different name, from the previously saved version.

* To copy text: Select the text with the mouse, then select Edit --> Copy. The selected text is kept in memory for use elsewhere.

* To paste text: Find the spot where the text needs to be placed, place the cursor there, and then select Edit --> Paste.

* To cut text: This means that the selected text will be removed from the current location and kept in memory, to be placed elsewhere. Doing this is exactly like how a copy should be performed, except selecting Edit --> Cut instead.

* To undo an action: Select Edit --> Undo. It will display the command that it is undoing at the moment. By browsing the menu, there are also keyboard shortcuts located next to it. Once more proficient use of the package occurs, it is much quicker to use keyboard shortcuts like
Control+C for Copy, and so on.

Some of the quick formatting options are bold, italics and underline. These options are available at the toolbar at the top of the screen.

Text alignment plays a large role in controlling how portions of the document will look. For example, an address field at the top of your letter will have such details right-aligned, while the body and rest of the base text will be left-aligned. There are four-icons that are located next to the bold/italics/underline icons, providing options such as: right-align, centre-align, left-align and justified.

You can also highlight text and/or its background (like you would with a highlighter and paper!), and change the font and/or background colours all with the icons there.

Changing the font, size, and style (bold, underline, or italics) are located in the second row. This can be done by highlighting the desired text and clicking the appropriate button.

Writer has a built-in spell checker. This can be accessed via:

Tools ......> Spellcheck

The option to auto-spellcheck means that while typing, Writer will dynamically check your spelling, and if it detects an error, it will output a red-line at the bottom of the misspelled word. Keep in mind that the spell checking is based on the current language that is in use. This can be
changed via:
Tools ......> Options ......> Language Settings ......> Languages

Nepali Thesaurus can be found by highlighting the word and pressing Ctrl+F7 key.

Accessing word counts in the document is different to most other packages on a default installation of OpenOffice.org (this can differ with several Linux distributions' offerings):


File ......>Properties ......> Statistics
It is under the Statistics tab that the word counts and other relevant document counts are based. On certain vendor modified distributions of OpenOffice.org, going to the Tools -- > Word Count menu will allow the Statistics dialogue box to be displayed automatically.

This is the spreadsheet component of the OpenOffice.org package, and contains many useful features, including an array of functions and plenty of charting options. It is fully inter-operable with Microsoft Excel, though the function separators differ in the two packages.

CALC may be run opting for Applications ......> ffice ......> OpenOffice.org Calc

or if you already have an existing window of OpenOffice.org open,

File ......> New ......> Spreadsheet.

Fig. Kwrite text editor in KDE

Spreadsheets contain many rows and columns, and each row and column combination is called a cell (like A1, B4, and so on). Upon inputting text into a cell, you might realize that the text is wider than the cell allows – this can be re-sized via right-clicking the cell, and selecting the Format Cells option. Then under the Alignment tab, selecting Line Break is what is required.

If there is some information that has already been created, and the area should be formatted, one particular quick and easy option would be to use the AutoFormats available in Calc. This
is done after selecting the area and then opting for:

Format ......> AutoFormat

These are pre-defined styles that are available in Calc, and if you have created your own particular style, you can add them into your new AutoFormats.

In the object toolbar, there is an option to set the font colour within the cell. There are also options to increase/decrease the indents within a cell, and in the image below, controls for enabling:



• Currency
• Percentage
• Add/Remove significant decimal places

These are quick controls, and accessing them is as simple as clicking the icons that represent them, and automatically the cell will be formatted as stated. Not only can the borders be set easily, and cell backgrounds too, but the alignment of text within a cell can also be set. This can be either as top aligned, centre aligned, or bottom aligned.

A big part of dealing with spreadsheets involves a lot of sorting and filtering of data. To sort a dataset, selecting the active cells, then on clicking

Data ......> Sort

will call a pop-up dialogue that has options for sorting the data based on the columns present, as well as if the data should be ascending or descending.

No office suite is complete without a presentation piece, and OpenOffice.org shows its colours with Impress, the presentation piece in the suite. To get started with IMPRESS you need to opt the following:

Main Menu ......> Office ......> OpenOffice.org Impress

or if you already have an OpenOffice.org window open, its available at

File ......> New ......> Presentation

Unlike other components of OpenOffice.org, when you start Impress, you are presented with an AutoPilot, to start creating your presentation! This gives you options to start a presentation with an empty template, or even with one of the pre-defined templates. A preview dialogue is available, and once all options are selected (and Next is clicked, to move on), you get a basic presentation.

There are several views in Impress, and some have overlapping names, but with different functionality! Just above the scroll bars, you'll notice five buttons that look like what you see below.

The five options for workspace views are:
* Normal view – normal look of the presentation
* Outline view – overlook of the presentation.
* Notes view – add speaker notes.
* Handout view – how handouts get printed.
* Slide Sorter – birds eye view to add, change, switch slides around.

All the views can also be accessed via:

View ......> Workspace

It is also worthwhile to note that at the bottom-left-handcorner of your screen, where the slide tabs are displayed, there are more views to know about. You are typically located in the Slide View (same name as above, but different functionality since its on a different bar!)

However, Master Views are supported and to access this view, it is the second button from the left. You can have master views of all workspace views (i.e. a master view of the slide itself, notes, and handouts). The Layer view allows layering of slides (adding and removing), and layers can be non-printing or non-displayed on screen, but printing only.


OpenOffice Draw – A drawing application that lets you add, edit, and align objects; incorporate textures; include textures and colors; and work with layers of objects.


OpenOffice Math – A calculation program that lets you create mathematical formulas.



Other Word Processors
Other free word processors that come with NepaLinux include Abiword and Gedit.


Ref. http://www.iosn.net/training/end-user-manual/print/linux-userguide-all.pdf∞
OpenOffice.org user guide


8. Fonts Installation and Input System

Copy the font you want to install
Open Konqueror and type "fonts:/System" in the address bar
Now paste the file. You may be asked to supply root password.
You might have to logout and login to see the effect.

Alternatively,
1. KDE Menu ......>Control Center ......> System Administration ......> Font Installer
2. Click on Administrator mode and provide root password.
3. Click on Add Fonts, a new window will open , Browse the fonts you want to install.s



Nepali Input System
Adding Nepali Romanized Keyboard Layout
KDE Main Menu ......> Control Center ......> Regional & Accessibility ......> Keyboard Layout
In Layout Tab check "Enable keyboard layouts"
Now from available layouts select Nepal and click on Add ......>
Now upon clicking on apply you will notice a layout being added right side of the bottom panel .

Open any text editor and click on the newly added layout. It will switch to nepali
Now you can input in Nepali.

In scim input system there are 2 keyboard layout for nepali input. Romanized and Traditional. Just open any text editor and hit ctrl+space. A small bar will pop up on the right bottom. Now you can choose between Romanized and Traditional layout by clicking and selecting.

9. Multimedia and Graphics in KDE

Listening to Audio
It can be launched from KDE Menu......>Multimedia ......> XMMS.
XMMS may need additional plug-ins to be able to play some of the audio file formats.

Audio Player (Amarok)

KDE Menu ......> Multimedia ......> Audio Player (Amarok)

VLC Media can be used to play both audio and video including VCD and DVD.
You can access the VLC through, KDE Menu ......> Multimedia ......> VLC Media Player

Krita is a photo retouching, image editing application, but above all, a paint application that will allow you to create original art on your computer as if you were working with paint and brushes, pencils, pen and ink.

An advanced PDF viewer, based on xpdf, for KDE. KPDF contains a number of ways to search through the document (standard find dialog, thumbnail filter, etc.) and has other features such as hands-free reading.
You can access it as,
KDE Menu ......> Graphics ......>KPDF PDF Viewer

An application for taking screenshots. It is capable of capturing images of the whole desktop, a single window, or a selected region. The images can then be saved in a variety of formats, including JPG and PNG.
You can acces the Ksnaspshot as,
KDE Menu ......> Graphics ......> Ksnapshot Screen Capture Program

An image viewer program which supports a number of different image filetypes including JPEG, GIF, PNG, TIFF and many others. Kview has full integration with KDE and it can be embedded into Konqueror for viewing image files on your diskdrive as well as your FTP site or webserver, using its URL open support. Other features include a few image manipulations such as zoom, rotate, grayscale and flip.

10. Networking with KDE

Assigning IP address
KDE Menu ......> Control Center ......> Network Setting
Click Administrator Mode button, you are asked to supply root password.
Select the interface and click on Configure Interface button.
Select the automatic or manual as of your requirement.

For manual setting provide the IP address and subnet mask.
You can add Broadcast address and gateway by clicking advance button.
To provide the DNS address, click on Domain Name System tab and add the DNS address by clicking add button.

you can share files from one NepaLinux to another NepaLinux using either Samba or NFS(Network File System).

Right Click on the folder that you want to share,then click on properties
Click on the Share tab
Click on Configure File Sharing
Type the root password
A new window will be shown.
Click on Add
Choose the folder that you want to share
Check "Share with Samba (Microsoft(R) Windows(R))"
Check Writable if you want other users to have write access to the folder otherwise you can leave it so that it will be read-only.
Click Ok


You have just shared your folder to other NepaLinux and Windows machines.

open the konqueror and type smb://<ip or hostname>
you may have to provide user name and password depending on the types of share.

You can acces the share alternatively as ,
Open the Konqueror.
Click Network Folders.
Click Samba Sharesss
Choose the workgroup that you want to access.

Ndiswrapper is a tool that emulates the windows wireless driver into the Linux system. So you don't have to worry about the Linux driver for the wireless card. It supports almost all of the wireless card ,but for these card you must have the driver for windows system.
1. Desktop ......> Administration ......> Windows wireless Tools
2. Now you are asked to enter the root password.
3. Enter the password and click OK.
4. Now click on the Install New Driver

5. Browse the proper inf file for your wireless card. (generally from the driver CD of your Laptop).

6.After you got the proper inf file click Install.

7. Now your wireless card is detected. You con configure it as usual as of other Ethernet card from the KDE Menu

---

> control panel ......> Internet and Network ......> Network setting
References:
1.User Guide to Using the Linux Desktop
The United Nations Development Programme’s
Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP)
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2. KDE User guide (docs.kde.org)

NepaLinux 2.0 Installatin

NepaLinux is a Debian, Knoppix and Morphix based Live CD GNU/Linux Distribution focused for Desktop users in the Nepali language. The development and distribution of NepaLinux is done by Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya. The official site for NepaLinux is http://www.nepalinux.org∞

NepaLinux 2.0 (GNOME)
NepaLinux 2.0 (KDE)

These are two independent CDs. You can run only one at a time i.e. either GNOME or KDE.

A Live-CD is an operating system (usually containing other software as well) stored on a bootable CD-ROM or DVD-ROM that can execute the operating system, without the installation of the operating system on a hard drive. The most popular Live-CD Linux Distributions are: Knoppix, Morphix, Gnoppix, Ubuntu etc.

A Live CD does not alter the current operating system or files unless the user specifically requests it. The system returns to its previous state when the Live CD is ejected and the computer is rebooted. It does this by placing the files that typically would be stored on a hard drive into temporary memory, such as a RAM Disk. In fact, a hard drive is not needed at all.

Although NepaLinux is a Live-CD, it comes with an installation utility runnable from the Desktop that can optionally install the system on a hard drive.

Hardware Requirement:
minimum 128 MB RAM
minimum Pentium 1 processor
at least 3 GB of Hard Drive to install

Warning : NepaLinux is a Live CD based Linux distribution. It is not an application software that runs on Microsoft Windows. So please don't try to run & install it in windows by searching a setup file like most application software on windows have.

However, it is possible to have Dual boot System in single Computer i.e NepaLinux in one partition and other Operating system(eg. Windows) in another.

1. BIOS setting

As the computer starts,press the keys to enter the BIOS utility usually F1 or DEL key. Change the boot sequence setting such that the CD-ROM is first boot device. Save the BIOS setting, usually F10 key does this.

2. After you properly set the BIOS, insert the NepaLinux CD either NepaLinux 2.0 (GNOME) or NepaLinux 2.0 (KDE) depending upon you choice.
3. After few seconds GRUB boot loader is loaded. By default NepaLinux is booted in Nepali language. To boot NepaLinux in English interrupt the boot by presssing down arrow key within 5 seconds of GRUB loaded and then select NepaLinux GNU/LINUX 2.0 - en' in the GRUB menu.
4. Wait for some time until the NepaLinux is fully loaded and you are presented the Desktop. Now you are in NepaLinux Live CD working environment. You can operate it as the usual operating system , but it is comparatively slower since the whole operating system is loaded in the RAM. By LiveCD, you can browse the Internet, browse files and publish your documents in OpenOffice.org writer and editors,listens to Music etc. But it is to be noted that the saved files and folders are temporary. To save the copies permanently, you must save these files to external media such as floppy disk or pen Drive or you can save in your Hard Drive.

Basically, three types of partitions exist: Primary, Extended, and Logical. However, when you for the very first time start dividing the drive, you will have just two types: Primary and Extended. The extended partitions can later further be sub divided into Logical partitions. Need to note that, each hard drive can have a maximum of four Primary partitions, or three Primary partitions and one Extended partition.

Ref. http://www.ahuka.com/other/partition.html∞

An Extended partition can contain multiple Logical partitions.

For NepaLinux 2.0 you must have two partitions
1). The main partition, denoted as “/” (at least 3 GB).
2). The swap partition, usually double the size of RAM.

In the main partition, all the packages in the NepaLinux are installed. The swap partition is used to help your system run faster. When your system runs out of physical RAM during operations, it uses the swap partition as RAM.

There are three types of interfaces for hard drives, CD-ROM drives, etc.
1. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) or Parallel ATA
2. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
3. SATA (Serial ATA)
ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)

IDE is much more common and less expensive. SATA and SCSI are more expensive and also more flexible and are generally faster.
On your IDE drives, master, slave, primary and secondary are determined by how they are actually wired to the system.

IDE Device Linux Indication
primary master......> /dev/hda
Primary Slave ......> /dev/hdb
Secondary Master ......> /dev/hdc
Secondary Slave ......> /dev/hdd


SATA and SCSI drives are in order of appearance. If you have drives at SATA IDs 1, 2 and 3 they will be named sda,sdb and sdc respectively. Hard Drive Partitions are named as hda1,hda2 for IDE and sda1,sda2 for SATA or SCSI.

Before you begin NepaLinux 2.0 installation, please manage at least 3 GB of free partition in your Hard Drive. If you have not free partition you can manage it by using third party utility software such as Partition Magic for Windows. You can also allocate a whole partition (for eg. D or E Drive if you are in Windows) for NepaLinux, but be careful that all the data in that partition will be lost and overwritten by the NepaLinux so properly backup the data to other partitions or external media.

Installation Steps in Nepalinux2.0
There are two main steps in NepaLinux 2.0(GNOME or KDE) installation
1.First you make the partition

For making partition use either Gparted partitioning tool or CFDISk partitioning tool, after partitioning is finished restart your system.

2.Install into the HardDisk.

Choose NepaLinux2.0 (GNOME) 2.0 CD or Nepalinux2.0 (KDE) and run the live CD, by following the steps in the section “Running Live CD”.

After the NepaLinux 2.0 GNOME or KDE is fully loaded and you are presented to the Desktop, make the partitions for installation, using the partitioning utility. There are two partitioning utility available in NepaLinux.
Gparteed ......> GUI
CFDISk .......> command Line based,
CFDisk is fast and efficient in comparision of Gparted while Gparted is easy and user friendly.

For Nepalinux2.0 GNOME or KDE you have to make two partitions one main partition (at least 3 GB) and another swap partition generally double the size of your RAM. You can use either of the method Gparted or CFDISK for making the partitions.

Making partitions using Gparted,

Under NepaLinux2.0 (GNOME)
a. Application ......> system tools ......> Gparted

Under Nepalinux2.0(KDE)
KDE Menu ......> System ......> Gparted

b. you are presented to the gparted screen.
c. Select your hard disk ,it is under /dev/hda or /dev/sda
Note:If gparted just get hanged or taking too much time for opening the partition table, then open the terminal and provide the following commands to get worked.

d. Now it will show the current harddirve partitions.

The partition table is displayed. In our example system three partitions are present. If you compare the partitions hda1, hda2 etc to windows counterpart, they are generally as,
hda1 ......> C: , hda2 ......> D: and hda3 ......> E repectively in windows. Here we have allocated third partition(hda3) for NepaLinux. So select the partition and delete this partition.

Note: If you have any data on third partition i.e. on the one you are going to install NepaLinux, it will be lost! So confirm that the data in this is properly backed up.

e. select the third partition and click delete.

f. For making the main partition, select the free partition and click New. Then you are presented to a window, provide the size of main partition (minimum 3 GB). Here in our example system we have given it as 7GB(7000MB). Select the file system type ext3 and click add.

g. now again select the free partition and click new

h. Now make the swap partition, generally its size is double the size of RAM. Here in this example we provide the size of 1.1 GB. Select the file system type as “linux-swap” and then click add.

i. After you complete the partitioning ,Apply the changes,
Edit......> Apply or directly click the Apply button.

j. A warning message is displayed, Click Apply.

l. If an error is repeated during the partitioning repeat the process from the beginning or restart your computer and again follow the same steps.

m. After you finish the partitioning , restart your system, Desktop ......> logout for GNOME and KDE Menu ......> Logout for KDE.

a. open the terminal window. Application ......> Accessories ......> Terminal.
Enter the command “sudo su” and then type “cfdisk”

For Nepalinux2.0 (KDE)
open the Terminal window, KDE Menu ......> System ......> Terminal
Enter the command “sudo su” and then type “cfdisk”

by default cfdisk run in the first hard disk. If you have two harddisk then you have to specify the second harddisk as parameter,such as “cfdisk /dev/hdb” or (/dev/sdb if your harddisk is sata)

The partition table is displayed. In our example system three partitions are present. If you compare the partitions hda1, hda2 etc to windows counterpart, they are generally as, hda1 ......> C: , hda2 ......> D: and hda3 ......> E respectively in windows. Here we have allocated third partition(hda3) for NepaLinux. So select the partition and delete this partition.

Note1: If you have any data on third partition i.e. on the one you are going to install NepaLinux, it will be lost! So confirm that the data in this is properly backed up.

Note2:IDE Hard disk partitions are displayed as hda1,hda2 etc while SATAs hardidisk are replaced by sda1,sda2 etc.

b. When you delete the third partition,this partition is indicated as Free in the CFDisk table. Create a new partition on this.

c. You may asked for primary or logical partition. Select logical and press enter.

d. Enter the size for the main partition. Here in this example we allocate it 7000MB.

e. Enter the beginning.

f. specify the swap partition size (usually double the size of RAM).

g Specify the partition as swap type by toggling the key to the Type tab, then press Enter Key and again Enter key where you see the type 82 as default.

h. Go to the “write” tab to write the partition table and type yes for permanently writing the partition table.

i. After you finish go to the “quit” tab to finish the partitioning.

After you finish the partitioning restart your system. Desktop ......> Logout, for GNOME and KDE menu ......> Logout for KDE, It will shutdown your system. Restart it again.

(If your Hard disk type is SATA refer to the section Installing Nepalinux2.0 in SATA Hard disk at the bottom of this manual.)

1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

For KDE

KDE Menu(केडीई मेनु)

---

> System(प्रणाली)

---

> Install to Hard Disk(हार्डडिस्कमा स्थापना गर्नुहोस् ) 1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

2. now you are presented to the welcome screen. Just click Forward.
1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

3. Select the Hard Disk to install the Nepalinux2.0 and click Forward button.
1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

4. Just Detection of the Swap partition we made earlier, Click Forward.
1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

5. Your main partition is detected and you are now being queried for the filesystem type ext2 or ext3. Just choose default one, i.e Ext3 and Click Forward.
1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

6. A warning message is displayed, Press “Yes I'm sure “ button,
1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

7. Copying files into the Hard Drive
1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

8. After copying of files in Hard Drive is completed you are asked to perform some post installation configuration. Give the hostname for your computer. By default, it is nepalinux if you are happy with it, just press Next otherwise supply whatever name you would want and Click Next.
1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

9. Supply the root(power user) password.

10. Enter one username and password that you used to login in NepaLinux system after installation is completed.
1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

11. Here it is asking for GRUB boot loader to be loaded. By default GRUB Boot loader is loaded on MBR(Master boot record , first sector of the Hard Drive). It enables for dual boot system, so leave it as default, and Click Next.

1. Desktop......> Preferences ......> Install to Harddisk

12. Finally the installation is complete. Press End Now.

After you logout, your system will shutdown. Now again power on your CPU and remove the NepaLinux CD from the CD ROM. It will do its necessary settings and your computer will again restart, and take you to the login prompt. Login by supplying the username and the password what ever you created earlier. Please note that the root user is not able to login in the GUI by default due to security reason.

1.Fails to enter into GUI mode and falls back to terminal saying "Operation failed".
To solve this problem reboot the computer, select "Sub menu" and enter - try vesa or fbdev in Grub while NepaLinux is booting from Lice CD.

2.Resolution problem:If very big or very small icons appear, it is due to the resolution problem try fixing it by pressing ctrl and + sign to increase the resolution and Ctrl and -(minus) sign to decrease the resolution.

3.Computer shuts down when running Live CD .
This may be due to the CD problem. It might be due to your CD-ROM or DVD not properly reading the NepaLinux CD. For this, if your CD ROM has problem, try replacing another CD ROM or try using another NepaLinux CD.


4.Installer Crashes:
Sometimes the NepaLinux Installer may crash while copying files in your Hard-Drive. This is due to the partitioning problems. T o solve this, please restart your computer with the NepaLinux CD in your CD or DVD ROM and again start from the beginning.

you can't install by the method explain above if your HardDisk is SATA, Generally old computers have IDE harddisk, only new computers may contains the SATA harddisk. If your computer has SATA hardisk please follow the steps below. It is text based installer so it will be little bit difficult than that of earlier GUI method.

Make two partitions one main partition and other swap either using Gparted or CFDISK as described above.
For sata hardisk the sample cfdisk partitioning table is,

1. choose NepaLinux 2.0 (GNOME) or KDE CD and run the live CD, by following the steps in the section “Running Live CD”.

2. When NepaLinux is fully loaded and you are presented to the Desktop,
Go to Desktop ......> Preferences......> Install to Harddisk (SATA)